An injunction is a legal order issued by a court that compels a person or entity to either do something or refrain from doing something. It is a form of equitable relief, used to prevent harm or enforce legal rights, and is particularly common in civil cases. Injunctions are granted to maintain the status quo or to prevent irreparable damage while a legal matter is being resolved.

Types of Injunctions in India:

1. Temporary or Interim Injunction: A temporary injunction is granted for a limited period, typically during the pendency of a lawsuit, to prevent one party from taking actions that could cause harm or change the status quo. Once the case is resolved, the temporary injunction either expires or is replaced by a permanent order.Example: A temporary injunction might stop a company from demolishing a disputed property until the ownership dispute is resolved in court.
   

2. Permanent or Perpetual Injunction: A permanent injunction is granted after the final hearing of a case and is binding indefinitely. It restrains the defendant from continuing or repeating a harmful act permanently.Example: A court may permanently prevent a person from trespassing on someone else's property.
   

3. Mandatory Injunction: This type of injunction requires a person to perform a specific act, such as restoring property or fulfilling a contractual obligation. It is the opposite of a prohibitory injunction, which restricts actions.Example: A mandatory injunction may require a builder to complete pending construction work that was promised in a contract.
   

4. Prohibitory Injunction: A prohibitory injunction restrains someone from doing an act that infringes on another’s legal rights. It is aimed at preventing future harm or illegal activities.Example: A court may issue a prohibitory injunction stopping someone from building on land that doesn't belong to them.
   

Legal Provisions Governing Injunctions in India:

1. Specific Relief Act, 1963: The Specific Relief Act provides the legal framework for granting injunctions in India. Under this act:
   Sections 36 to 42: These sections outline the circumstances under which a court may grant or deny injunctions. A court will consider factors like irreparable harm, balance of convenience, and the existence of a clear legal right before issuing an injunction.
   Section 37: Defines temporary and perpetual injunctions.
   Section 38: Deals with the issuance of perpetual injunctions to prevent the violation of rights.
   Section 39: Provides for mandatory injunctions to compel performance of a specific act.

2. Order XXXIX, Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908: This section of the CPC governs the procedural aspects of obtaining a temporary or interim injunction. Under this order:A temporary injunction may be granted if there is a clear likelihood of irreparable harm to the plaintiff, or if the balance of convenience favors the plaintiff.
   The party seeking the injunction must show that they have a prima facie case (sufficient evidence at first sight) and that legal remedies like compensation would not be adequate to address the harm.
   

Key Factors Considered by Courts:

• Prima Facie Case: The party requesting an injunction must demonstrate a clear and valid legal case at first glance.

• Irreparable Harm: The plaintiff must show that they would suffer harm that cannot be compensated with money or other remedies.

• Balance of Convenience: The court must determine which party would suffer more if the injunction is granted or denied.

• Clean Hands Doctrine: The party seeking the injunction must have acted fairly and honestly, without misconduct.

Common Examples of Injunctions:

• Property disputes: A party may seek an injunction to stop another party from selling or transferring disputed property.

• Breach of contract: Injunctions may prevent a party from breaching a contractual obligation, such as not completing a project or violating non-compete clauses.

• Environmental cases: Injunctions can stop activities that cause environmental harm, like deforestation or pollution.

Violation of an Injunction:

If an injunction is violated, the party responsible for the violation may face contempt of court proceedings, which can lead to fines, penalties, or even imprisonment.

Injunctions serve as a powerful tool in Indian law to prevent harm, protect legal rights, and ensure that disputes are resolved fairly without causing further damage. They are often used to protect property rights, enforce contracts, and safeguard public interests.